Jean Clottes Margret W. Conkey Francesco d'Errico Henry de Lumley-Woodyear Merlin W. Donald Christopher Stuart Henshilwood David Lewis-Williams Paul Anthony Mellars Steven J. Mithen Jane M. Renfrew Paul S. C. Taçon J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Keith Ward ABOVE ANIMATION#1: The Alpine ibex shown fighting on the wall of a part of Lascaux known as the Axial Gallery are drawn in black (animal on left) and dots of yellow (animal on right). Between them is a rectangular symbol. Above them and to the left of the black ibex are horses, the most numerous of all the animals depicted in Lascaux. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho ABOVE ANIMATION#2:The largest African antelope, the eland, is depicted in many representational paintings in southern Africa. The animals, like these from Natal Drakensberg above, play an important role in the beliefs of San Bushmen. Courtesy of Jean Clottes ABOVE ANIMATION#3:In Lascaux’s Axial Gallery, small horses, similar to Prjwalski’s horses that could still be found in the nineteenth century in the steppes of Mongolia, gallop across the ceiling. The segment pictured above is part of a grand composition. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho	Paul Anthony Mellars is a professor of prehistory and human evolution at Cambridge University. His research has focused mainly on the behavioral and cognitive origins of modern human populations and on the ways in which these Homo Sapiens replaced the earlier Neanderthal populations of Europe around 40,000 years ago. He also has conducted excavations in England and Scotland, and using new scientific techniques and new theoretical approaches, he has shed new light on seemingly well-documented archaeological sites, including the Mesolithic sites of Starr Carr in Yorkshire and Oronsay in the Scottish Hebrides. Educated at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, he took first-class honors in archaeology and went on to earn a Ph.D. in archaeology at Cambridge in 1967. He held a research fellowship at the University of Sheffield and was the Sir James Knott Research Fellow at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Dr. Mellars joined the prehistory and archaeology faculty at Sheffield as a lecturer in 1970 and was subsequently appointed a senior lecturer and a reader. Returning to Cambridge as a member of the archaeology faculty in 1981, he was named to his present position in 1997. He served as president of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, from 1992 to 2000. Dr. Mellars has held visiting appointments at the State University of New York, Binghamton, the University of Wisconsin, Tulane University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Alaska, as well as at the Australian National University and at the universities of Copenhagen and Aarhus in Denmark. His work has been supported by Britain’s National Environmental Research Council and Science and Engineering Research Council, the British Academy, which awarded him a research readership, the Leverhulme Trust, and the D. M. McDonald Fund among others.A fellow of the British Academy, he is a Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Anthropological Society, a member of Academia Europaea, and an honorary member of the Italian Institute of Prehisory and Proto-History. Cambridge awarded him the senior Sc.D. degree, and he was the Reckitt Archaeological Lecturer at the British Academy in 1991, in addition to delivering many other invited lectures in Britain, the United States, Spain, and Korea. Dr. Mellars has organized numerous scientific conferences. He is the author of more than 100 articles in academic journals, the editor or co-editor of nine books, including (with Chris Stringer) The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans (1989), The Emergence of Modern Humans (1990), and (with Kathleen Gibson) Modelling the Early Human Mind (1996), and the author of three others: Excavations on Oronsay: Prehistoric Human Ecology on a Small Island (1987), The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe (1996), and (with S.P. Dark) Star Carr in Context: New Archaeological and Palaeoecological Investigations in the Early Mesolithic Site of Star Carr, East Yorkshire (1998).