Jean Clottes Margret W. Conkey Francesco d'Errico Henry de Lumley-Woodyear Merlin W. Donald Christopher Stuart Henshilwood David Lewis-Williams Paul Anthony Mellars Steven J. Mithen Jane M. Renfrew Paul S. C. Taçon J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Keith Ward ABOVE ANIMATION#1: The Alpine ibex shown fighting on the wall of a part of Lascaux known as the Axial Gallery are drawn in black (animal on left) and dots of yellow (animal on right). Between them is a rectangular symbol. Above them and to the left of the black ibex are horses, the most numerous of all the animals depicted in Lascaux. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho ABOVE ANIMATION#2:The largest African antelope, the eland, is depicted in many representational paintings in southern Africa. The animals, like these from Natal Drakensberg above, play an important role in the beliefs of San Bushmen. Courtesy of Jean Clottes ABOVE ANIMATION#3:In Lascaux’s Axial Gallery, small horses, similar to Prjwalski’s horses that could still be found in the nineteenth century in the steppes of Mongolia, gallop across the ceiling. The segment pictured above is part of a grand composition. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho	Professor and chair of psychology at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Merlin W. Donald is widely known for his theoretical work on human cognitive origins. His ideas about brain-cultural symbiosis have led him to the conclusion that the human brain has been tethered to cultural evolution for well over a million years and cannot realize its design potential outside of it. Dr. Donald did much of his early empirical work in cognitive neuroscience, and he has recently focused on the changing “cognitive ecology” of hi-tech civilizations. A graduate of Loyola College in Montreal, he has an M.A. in psychology from the University of Ottawa and a Ph.D. in neuropsychology from McGill University. After completing a National Research Council post-doctoral fellowship in the West Haven Veterans Administration Hospital in West Haven, Connecticut, he joined the neurology department of the Yale School of Medicine as an assistant professor in 1970. He returned to Canada two years later to accept an appointment as an assistant professor of psychology at Queen’s University and was named to his present position in 1982. Dr. Donald has been an honorary research fellow at University College, London, a visiting scholar at the University of California, San Diego, and at Harvard University, a senior scholar at Stanford University, a visitor at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, and a visiting professor at the Center for Semiotic Research at Aarhus University in Denmark. A former Killam Research Fellow of the Canada Council, he is fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association and of the Royal Society of Canada. Dr. Donald formerly served as an assistant editor of the Canadian Journal of Psychology and is currently on the editorial boards of Evolutionary Psychology and Interaction Studies: Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems. He is a published poet and the author or co-author of more than seventy articles in scientific journals and of two major books, Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition (1991, 1993) and, most recently, A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, which was published by W. W. Norton in 2001.