Jean Clottes Margret W. Conkey Francesco d'Errico Henry de Lumley-Woodyear Merlin W. Donald Christopher Stuart Henshilwood David Lewis-Williams Paul Anthony Mellars Steven J. Mithen Jane M. Renfrew Paul S. C. Taçon J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Keith Ward ABOVE ANIMATION#1: The Alpine ibex shown fighting on the wall of a part of Lascaux known as the Axial Gallery are drawn in black (animal on left) and dots of yellow (animal on right). Between them is a rectangular symbol. Above them and to the left of the black ibex are horses, the most numerous of all the animals depicted in Lascaux. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho ABOVE ANIMATION#2:The largest African antelope, the eland, is depicted in many representational paintings in southern Africa. The animals, like these from Natal Drakensberg above, play an important role in the beliefs of San Bushmen. Courtesy of Jean Clottes ABOVE ANIMATION#3:In Lascaux’s Axial Gallery, small horses, similar to Prjwalski’s horses that could still be found in the nineteenth century in the steppes of Mongolia, gallop across the ceiling. The segment pictured above is part of a grand composition. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho	A Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) researcher at the Institut de Préhistorie et de Géologie du Quaternaire at the University of Bordeaux, Francesco d’Errico has focused his scientific investigations upon the evolution of human cognitive abilities. He currently directs the EUROCORE project in the archaeology of the origin of language and its early diversification and a French Ministry of Research project on the linguistics, genetics, and environments of the European Upper Paleolithic population. He formerly served as co-director of projects involving burial processes of early humans in Moldova, Upper Paleolithic mobiliary art in Spain, and the creation of a virtual environment for the study of Upper Paleolithic art. A graduate of the University of Turin, Dr. d’Errico studied at the University of Paris VI and the University of Pisa before taking his Ph.D. in prehistory and quaternary geology in 1989 at the Museum of Natural History in Paris. He earned an advanced research degree last year at the University of Bordeaux. He has taught at the Museum of Natural History in Paris and worked as a research associate at the Roman-Germanic Central Museum of Mainz, Germany, the Museum for Ice Age Archaeology in Neuwied, Germany, and the McDoanld Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge University. He has been a CNRS-Royal Society visiting fellow at Cambridge and a visiting professor at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and at George Washington University. Dr. d’Errico has held fellowships awarded by the Fyssen Foundation, the NATO Science Program, the Spanish Council of Scientific Investigation, and the University of Turin. His work has been supported by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the European Science Foundation, and numerous private and governmental European and American institutions. A film he produced on archaeological methods has won several international prizes, and he is a recipient of a Listosaurus Award for a paper presented at the Eleventh Biennial Conference of the Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa. Dr. d’Errico has published a number of other papers about the origin of symbolism, Palaeolithic notations, Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition, prehistoric technology, bone taphonomy, and the application of new techniques of analysis to the study of Paleolithic art objects in leading scientific journals. He is the co-editor of two books, the co-author (with Gerhard Bosinski and Petra Schiller) of Die gravierten Frauendarstellungen von Gönnersdorf (2001), and the author of L’Art Gravé Azilien: de la Technique à la Signification (1995). A book he is co-editing (with Marian Vanhaeren), The Language of the Dead: New Insights into Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Burials and Grave Gods, will be published by Leuven University Press, and his latest volume (with Lucinda Backwell), From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans, will be published by CNRS and Wits University Press.